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Mencius | |
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| 孟子 | |
.jpg) As depicted in the album Half Portraits of the Great Sage and Virtuous Men of Old (至聖先賢半身像), housed in the National Palace Museum | |
| Born | Mèng Kē 孟軻 12 March 372 BC[1] |
| Died | 21 December 290 BC[1] (aged 82–83) |
| Era | Ancient philosophy |
| Region | Chinese philosophy |
| School | Confucianism |
Main interests | Ethics, social philosophy, political philosophy |
Notable ideas |
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.svg) "Mencius" in seal script (top) and regular (bottom) Chinese characters | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Chinese | 孟子 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Hanyu Pinyin | Mèngzǐ | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Literal meaning | "Master Meng" | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
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| Ancestral name: | Ji (Chinese: 姬; pinyin: Jī) |
| Clan name: | Meng (孟; Mèng)[a] |
| Given name: | Ke (simplified Chinese: 轲; traditional Chinese: 軻; pinyin: Kē) |
| Courtesy name: | Unknown[b] |
| Posthumous name: | Master Meng the Second Sage[c] (simplified Chinese: 亚圣孟子; traditional Chinese: 亞聖孟子; pinyin: Yàshèng Mèngzǐ) |
| Styled: | Master Meng (孟子; Mèngzǐ) |
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| Confucianism |
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Mencius (/ˈmɛnʃiəs/ MEN-shee-əs);[2] born Meng Ke (Chinese: 孟軻); or Mengzi (Chinese: 孟子; 12 March 372 BC– 21 December 290 BC) was a Chinese Confucian philosopher who has often been described as the "second Sage" (亞聖), that is, second to Confucius himself. He is part of Confucius' fourth generation of disciples. Mencius inherited Confucius' ideology and developed it further.[3][4] Living during the Warring States period, he is said to have spent much of his life travelling around the states offering counsel to different rulers. Conversations with these rulers form the basis of the Mencius, which would later be canonised as a Confucian classic.
One primary principle of his work is that human nature is righteous and humane. The responses of citizens to the policies of rulers embodies this principle, and a state with righteous and humane policies will flourish by nature. The citizens, with freedom from good rule, will then allocate time to caring for their wives, brothers, elders, and children, and be educated with rites and naturally become better citizens. This placed him at odds with his near contemporary, Xunzi, who believed that human nature is evil by birth.[5]
- ^ a b 孟繁驥 (1 May 1971). "〈孟子其人及其著述〉". 《文藝復興》 (in Chinese) (17). Republic of China: Chinese Culture University: 11－13.
關於孟子生卒年月，各家之說紛紛不一，清閻若璩有孟子生卒年月考亦未有定論。「三遷志」及「孟子世家譜」載，孟子於周烈王四年四月二日生（紀元前三七二年），周赧王二十六年正月十五日卒（紀元前二八九年）。孟子出生到現在已經是二千三百四十二年，較孔子晚了一百七十九年（孔子生於紀元前五五一年）。根據這一時間來覆按，孟子遊梁、遊齊，及其他事跡言論甚多符合，總之有關孟子最原始之傳記史料，厥爲史記「孟子荀卿列傳」，而又語焉不詳，以致諸家考證紛紜迄無定論。
- ^ "Mencius". Random House Webster's Unabridged Dictionary.
- ^ Mei, Yi Pao (1985). "Mencius", The New Encyclopedia Britannica, v. 8, p. 3.
- ^ Shun, Kwong Loi. "Mencius". The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy. Retrieved 18 November 2017.
- ^ Goldin, Paul R. (2018), "Xunzi", in Zalta, Edward N. (ed.), The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy (Fall 2018 ed.), Metaphysics Research Lab, Stanford University, retrieved 2022-05-15
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